Packed-Decimal Format
Description and Discussion
  Table of Contents  v-24.01.01 - datapk01.htm 
  Introduction
  Table, Packed-Decimal Field Sizes
  Convert Packed-Decimal to Text
  Convert to Text with Explicit Sign
  Convert to Text with Explicit Decimal
  Spaces in a Packed Field
  Summary
  Software Agreement and Disclaimer
  Downloads & Links
  Current Server or Internet Access
  Internet Access Required
  Glossary of Terms
  Contact or Feedback
  Company Overview
The SimoTime Home Page 

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Introduction

This document will focus on a discussion of a numeric field (or data string) known as "PACKED-DECIMAL" format (also referred to as packed data or a packed numeric field). This format is used on an IBM Mainframe System and is supported by Micro Focus COBOL running on a Linux, UNIX or Windows System.

Note: The items in this document are appropriate for applications that are written in COBOL, Mainframe Assembler (HLASM) or PL/I. The IBM Mainframe architecture drove many of the numeric formats that existed in the early ANSI specifications for COBOL and have been carried forward to the current COBOL ANSI specifications.

A packed decimal representation stores two decimal digits in one byte. A packed decimal representation stores decimal digits in each "nibble" of a byte (a byte is eight bits and a nibble is four bits). Each byte has two nibbles, and each nibble is indicated by a hexadecimal digit. For example, the value 23 would be stored in two nibbles, using the hexadecimal digits 2 and 3 (the bit representation would be 0010 0011). The sign indication is dependent on your operating environment. On an IBM mainframe, the sign is indicated by the last nibble of the last byte (or high memory address). For explicitly signed fields the "C" indicates a positive value and "D" indicates a negative value. For unsigned (or implied positive) fields the "F" indicates a positive value.

The mainframe can perform arithmetic functions on packed-decimal fields without having to convert the format. Storing numeric values in a packed-decimal format may save a significant amount of storage space. For example, on the mainframe the value 12,345 would be five (5) bytes in length (i.e. x'F1F2F3F4F5'). If the same information is stored in a packed-decimal (i.e. USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL-3 or abbreviated as COMP-3) the field would be three (3) bytes in length (i.e. x'12345C').

When converting records or data structures that contain this type of field from EBCDIC to ASCII the programmer is presented with a number of confusing options and challenges. This document will try to explain the options and help the programmer avoid the common mistakes that are made during a conversion process.

The following table shows the structure of a five digit numeric field using the Packed-Decimal format (i.e. the COBOL syntax would be USAGE IS COMP-3). The field contains a value of one-hundred-twenty-three (or 00123). Since the packed-decimal format stores a digit in each nibble (2 digits per byte) the actual field size is only three (3) bytes.

The Packed Decimal Format for a Numeric Field
Byte-0 Byte-1 Byte-2  Description
0 0 1 2 3 s  Numeric Value
Digit   Digit
0000   0000
 0
   
   
   
   
0000   0000
 0
   
   
   
   
Digit   Digit
0001   0010
 2
   
   
   
   
0001   0010
 2
   
   
   
   
Digit   Sign
0011   1111
 F
0011   1100
 C
0011   1101
 D
0011   1111
 F
0011   1100
 C
0011   1101
 D
 Left & Right Nibble
 EBCDIC (Unsigned, Binary, Note-1)
 EBCDIC (Unsigned, Hex, Note-2)
 EBCDIC (Sign, Positive, Binary)
 EBCDIC (Sign, Positive, Hex)
 EBCDIC (Sign, Negative, Binary)
 EBCDIC (Sign, Negative, Hex)
 ASCII (Unsigned, Binary)
 ASCII (Unsigned, Hex)
 ASCII (Sign, Positive, Binary)
 ASCII (Sign, Positive, Hex)
 ASCII (Sign, Negative, Binary)
 ASCII (Sign, Negative, Hex)

Note-1: A field that is defined as "Unsigned" (i.e. PIC 99999 COMP-3) is an implied positive value.
Note-2: The "Hex" is an abbreviation for Hexadecimal notation.
Note-3: A field that is defined as "Signed" (i.e. PIC S99999 COMP-3) will have the sign in the rightmost nibble of the units positions (or Byte-2 in the preceding example). A X'nC' is used as an explicit positive sign and a X'nD' is used as an explicit negative sign.
Note-4: The Packed-decimal format is the same for the Mainframe and for Micro Focus running on a Windows or UNIX system.


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All Rights Reserved

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Table, Packed-Decimal Field Sizes

The following is a table that shows the actual field sizes (for a COMP-3 or packed-decimal) based on the number of digits specified in the picture clause.

Digits Picture Clause Field Size Value Positive (Hex-Notation) Negative (Hex-Notation)
1 PIC S9 1 1 x'1C' x'1D' 
2 PIC S99 2 12 x'012C' x'012D' 
3 PIC S999 2 123 x'123C' x'123D' 
4 PIC S9(4) 3 1234 x'01234C' x'01234D' 
5 PIC S9(5) 3 12345 x'12345C' x'12345D' 
6 PIC S9(6) 4 123456 x'0123456C' x'0123456D' 
7 PIC S9(7) 4 1234567 x'1234567C' x'1234567D' 
8 PIC S9(8) 5 12345678 x'012345678C' x'012345678D' 
9 PIC S9(9) 5 123456789 x'123456789C' x'123456789D' 
10 PIC S9(10) 6 1234567890 x'01234567890C' x'01234567890D' 
11 PIC S9(11) 6 12345678901 x'12345678901C' x'12345678901D' 
12 PIC S9(12) 7 123456789012 x'0123456789012C' x'0123456789012D' 
13 PIC S9(13) 7 1234567890123 x'1234567890123C' x'1234567890123D' 
14 PIC S9(14) 8 12345678901234 x'012345678901234C' x'012345678901234D' 
15 PIC S9(15) 8 123456789012345 x'123456789012345C' x'123456789012345D' 
16 PIC S9(16) 9 1234567890123456 x'01234567890123456C' x'01234567890123456D' 
17 PIC S9(17) 9 12345678901234567 x'12345678901234567C' x'12345678901234567D' 
18 PIC S9(18) 10  123456789012345678  x'0123456789012345678C'  x'0123456789012345678D' 
19 PIC S9(19) 10  1234567890123456789  x'1234567890123456789C'  x'1234567890123456789D' 

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Convert Packed-Decimal to Text

This section describes how to convert the previously discussed packed-decimal formats into text strings to print or display the information in a human readable form. Before converting the packed-decimal fields it should be determined if a conversion is necessary. The following list provides some basic guidelines.

1. When migrating an application (both data and COBOL programs for processing the data) from an IBM Mainframe System to a Windows System with Micro Focus Enterprise Server a conversion of the Packed-Decimal fields is not necessary. Micro Focus COBOL supports the packed-decimal format.
2. When migrating an application (both data and COBOL programs for processing the data) from an IBM Mainframe System to a Linux or UNIX System with Micro Focus Enterprise Server a conversion of the Packed-Decimal fields is not necessary. Micro Focus COBOL supports the packed-decimal format.
3. When migrating or transferring data from a COBOL oriented, IBM Mainframe or AS/400 environment to a non-COBOL oriented (Linux, UNIX or Windows) environment (i.e. ASCII/Text or excel spreadsheet) then a conversion will be required. This may require two conversion tasks. The packed-decimal fields (or data strings) will need to be converted to a zoned-decimal format (sign leading separate with an explicit decimal point should be considered depending on the target environment). The zoned-decimal format may then require a conversion from EBCDIC to ASCII.
4. When using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to transfer a data file between a Mainframe System and a Linux, UNIX or Windows System it will be necessary to use the BINARY mode if the records contain packed-decimal fields. If a conversion between EBCDIC and ASCII is required it will need to be done after the file transfer.

 

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Convert to Text with Explicit Sign

This section describes how to convert a packed-decimal field (i.e. PIC S9(5) USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL-3) to a zoned-decimal field (i.e. PIC S9(5) USAGE IS DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE). The resulting field will have a separate leading sign but will still have an implied decimal based on the field definition from the COBOL picture clause.

      *    The following defines a signed, packed-decimal field.
      *    The length of this field is 3 bytes & contains 5 digits.
       01  PACK-DECIMAL-S3V2-TEXT.
           05  PACK-DECIMAL-S3V2   pic S9(3)V99 COMP-3 value 0.

      *    The following defines a signed, zone-decimal field.
      *    The sign is not part of the units position because of
      *    the SIGN LEADING SEPARATE syntax. This is standard
      *    COBOL coding and is ANSI/85 compliant.
      *    The length of this field is 6 bytes.
       01  SLS-S3V2-TEXT.
           05  SLS-S3V2-NUMB       pic S9(3)V99 value 0
                                   SIGN LEADING SEPARATE.
       ...
       ...

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.

      *    The following statement will place a value into the
      *    packed-decimal field. The actual value will be x'00123C'.
           add 1.23 to ZERO giving PACK-DECIMAL-S3V2

      *    The following statement will place the arithmetic value of
      *    the packed-decimal field into the zone-decimal field. The actual
      *    value will be x'4EF0F0F1F2F3'. This results in converting the
      *    packed-decimal field. Both fields have an implied decimal point.
           add PACK-DECIMAL-S3V2 to ZERO giving SLS-S3V2-NUMB
      *    The preceding statement is the only statement required to do
      *    the conversion from packed-decimal to zone-decimal.
      *    The additional code in this section is used to display the
      *    input and result field values in hexadecimal dump format.

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Convert to Text with Explicit Decimal

This section describes how to convert a packed-decimal field (i.e. PIC S9(5) USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL-3) to a zoned-decimal field (i.e. PIC X ). The resulting field will have a separate leading sign and an explicit decimal point embedded in the text string. This field (or data string) may easily be exported to a non-COBOL environment.

      *    The following defines a signed, packed-decimal field.
      *    The length of this field is 3 bytes & contains 5 digits.
       01  PACK-DECIMAL-S3V2-TEXT.
           05  PACK-DECIMAL-S3V2   pic S9(3)V99 COMP-3 value 0.

      *    The following defines an edited field for numeric
      *    values and will contain an explicit decimal point. This
      *    is standard COBOL coding and is ANSI/85 compliant.
      *    The length of this field is 7 bytes.
       01  PRINT-LINE.
           05  FILLER              pic X(8) value 'Edited: '.
           05  PRINT-NUMBER        pic +ZZZ.99.
...
...

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.

      *    The following statement will place a value into the
      *    packed-decimal field. The actual value will be x'00123C'.
           add 1.23 to ZERO giving PACK-DECIMAL-S3V2

      *    The following statement will place the arithmetic value of
      *    the packed-decimal field into the edited print field. The
      *    actual value will be x'4E4040F14BF2F3'. This results in
      *    converting the packed-decimal field but has leading spaces.
           move PACK-DECIMAL-S3V2 to PRINT-NUMBER

      *    The following statement will replace the leading spaces
      *    with zeroes. The resulting value will be x'4EF0F0F14BF2F3'.
           inspect PRINT-NUMBER replacing all SPACE by ZERO
      *    The preceding 2 statements are the only statements required
      *    to do the conversion from packed-decimal to zone-decimal.
      *    The additional code in this section is used to display the
      *    input and result field values in hexadecimal dump format.

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Spaces in a Packed Field

We have seen a few instances where a packed field may contain SPACES. This should be considered a bad programming practice. Having non-numeric values in a numeric field should be avoided. The process that caused non-numeric values to be placed in a numeric field should be corrected. When converting data between EBCDIC and ASCII this presents an additional effort to deal with the situation.

A SPACE character (hex 40 for EBCDIC or a hex 20 for ASCII) could be a valid numeric entry in a packed field in all the positions of the field except the units positions. It would be reasonable to assume that if the units position of a packed field is a SPACE character and all other positions are SPACE characters then the packed field SPACE values should be converted between EBCDIC and ASCII.

For numeric fields with USAGE IS COMP-3 (i.e. PACKED FIELDS) the conversion code generated by SimoTime does not do any conversion. This is the default behavior. However, since the situation does exist the SimoTime technology has a configuration option to generate conversion code that will analyze a packed field and convert SPACE values between EBCDIC and ASCII or to initialize the packed field with a ZERO value.

The following is sample code that will test a packed field for SPACE values and then convert the EBCDIC SPACE values to ASCII SPACE values.

      *    Packed  CUST-CREDIT-LIMIT
      *    The /PACKEDFLD option is set to SPACECONVERT
           if CUST-RECORD(300:4) = all x'40'
              inspect CUST-RECORD(300:4)   replacing all x'40' by x'20'
           end-if

The following is sample code that will test a packed field for SPACE values and then initialize the packed field to ZERO values.

      *    Packed  CUST-CREDIT-LIMIT
      *    The /PACKEDFLD option is set to SPACEZERO
           if CUST-RECORD(300:4) = all x'40'
              inspect CUST-RECORD(300:4)   replacing all x'40' by x'00'
              move x'0F' to CUST-RECORD(303:1)
           end-if

When trying to do an arithmetic operation on a packed field that has a non-numeric value or an invalid sign the operation will ABEND with a S0C7 Program check on the Mainframe System. The operation will ABEND with a 163 RTS error on a Micro Focus System.

This condition is managed on the EBCDIC-encoded Mainframe System by using the NUMPROC (NOPFD) compiler option that accepts the invalid sign and treats space characters (x'40') as zeroes. This approach does not fix the problem, it simply tolerates the condition while presenting additional challenges for the data conversion and validation efforts.

For files that contain records with packed or binary fields the EBCDIC to ASCII data conversion is done at the field level. Since the packed and binary fields have their unique bit structure (i.e. neither EBCDIC nor ASCII) they are left in their existing structure. Therefore, a packed field that contains all x'40' characters will contains all x'40' characters after the record is converted.

Herein lies the challenge, the x'40' character is a space character on the EBCDIC-encoded Mainframe System but it is not a space character in an ASCII-configured environment.

In an ASCII-configured Micro Focus environment the spaces in a numeric, packed field can be managed by using the SIGN-FIXUP compiler directive. This directive provides limited emulation of NUMPROC (NOPFD) when used with HOSTNUMMOVE HOSTNUMCOMPARE.

However, since the x'40' value is not a space character in the ASCII environment and is a valid numeric value in a packed field it will produce incorrect totals when used in an arithmetic operation. Therefore, at a minimum the x'40' values will need to be changed to an ASCII space or x'20' character.

Note: the process that causes the packed fields to contain SPACE characters should be addressed. The Compiler options only prevent the ABEND but may produce incorrect results when used in arithmetic processing.

The following link will provide more details about compiler directives and numeric field processing.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore the Compiler Directives available for the Micro Focus COBOL technologies.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore how to process non-Numeric Values stored in a Packed-Decimal format. This document will use examples to show how to manage a situation where non-numeric values (such as Space Characters) are placed in a Packed-Decimal field and then managed to avoid a S0C7 or RTS 163 error message and an abnormal termination of the program.

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Summary

The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of numeric data strings or fields that are packed-decimal format. This document may be used as a tutorial for new programmers or as a quick reference for experienced programmers.

In the world of programming there are many ways to solve a problem. This documentation and software were developed and tested on systems that are configured for a SIMOTIME environment based on the hardware, operating systems, user requirements and security requirements. Therefore, adjustments may be needed to execute the jobs and programs when transferred to a system of a different architecture or configuration.

SIMOTIME Services has experience in moving or sharing data or application processing across a variety of systems. For additional information about SIMOTIME Services or Technologies please contact us using the information in the  Contact or Feedback  section of this document.

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Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Downloads & Links

This section includes links to documents with additional information that are beyond the scope and purpose of this document. The first sub-section requires an internet connection, the second sub-section references locally available documents.

Note: A SimoTime License is required for the items to be made available on a local server.

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Current Server or Internet Access

The following links may be to the current server or to the Internet.

Note: The latest versions of the SimoTime Documents and Program Suites are available on the Internet and may be accessed using the Link to Internet icon. If a user has a SimoTime Enterprise License the Documents and Program Suites may be available on a local server and accessed using the Link to Server icon.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Review the structure and processing techniques for numeric values that are stored in a Packed-Decimal format. The purpose of this document is to provide information about a Quality Assurance Test Case that focuses on SIMOTIME Technologies that manage data files with record structures that contain alphameric Text Strings that are stored using EBCDIC or ASCII encoding and Numeric Values that are stored in a Packed-Decimal format. This document will focus on a discussion of a numeric field (or data string) known as "PACKED-DECIMAL" format (also referred to as packed data or a packed numeric field). The packed-decimal numeric format is supported by the COBOL programming language. This format is used on an IBM Mainframe System and on a Linux, UNIX or Windows System using COBOL technologies from Micro Focus or GnuCOBOL.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   This is the Run Book for the TCNTXT01 Test Case. This test case will convert the file format, record content and record structure of an EBCDIC-encoded file that was created and transferred from an IBM Mainframe System to a format and structure that may be easily imported and accessed from within an ASCII-oriented relational data base or a spread sheet using Excel or LibreOffice Calc. This expanded request will involve more than a simple EBCDIC to ASCII conversion. This test case will describe and demonstrate how to identify and convert text strings between EBCDIC and ASCII and how to identify, expand and convert numeric values that are formatted as Signed-Zoned-Decimal, Packed-Decimal or Binary.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore how to process non-Numeric Values stored in a Packed-Decimal format. This document will use examples to show how to manage a situation where non-numeric values (such as Space Characters) are placed in a Packed-Decimal field and then managed to avoid a S0C7 or RTS 163 error message and an abnormal termination of the program.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore a test case that will share and process files across a network of systems that include IBM Mainframes, Linux or Windows. The test data contains text strings and numeric values that are stored in packed-decimal (or COMP-3) format. The record structure and generated HTML document for this file are based on a User-Supplied COBOL copyfile.

The text data strings will be converted between ASCII and EBCDIC. The numeric strings will be converted between packed-decimal and zoned-decimal (or alphanumeric) formats.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore how to Calculate a Record Count and Accumulate Summary Totals by reading a Record Sequential Data File. Each record contains numeric fields with a packed-decimal (COMP-3) format. The count and totals will be posted to the SYSOUT device.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore a Utility Program that provides a peek at a memory segment by creating a text string of data in a hexadecimal notation format. The text string may be part of a review process that requires human observation.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore a Test Case that shows how to peek at a memory segment by creating a text string of data in a hexadecimal notation format. The text string may be part of a review process that requires human observation.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore The Binary or COMP format for numeric data strings. This numeric structure is supported by COBOL and may be explicitly defined with the "USAGE IS COMP" or "USAGE IS BINARY" clause.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore The Edited for Display format for numeric data strings. This numeric structure is supported by COBOL and may be used with an edit-mask to prepare the presentation for readability by human beings.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore The Packed-Decimal or COMP-3 format for numeric data strings. This numeric structure is supported by COBOL and may be explicitly defined with the "USAGE IS COMP-3" clause.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore The Zoned-Decimal format for numeric data strings. This numeric structure is the default numeric for COBOL and may be explicitly defined with the "USAGE IS DISPLAY" clause.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore commonly used formats and processing techniques for managing various numeric formats available on the mainframe.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore the Numbers Connection for additional information about the structure and processing of numeric data items (or numeric fields).

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore the Compiler Directives available for the Micro Focus COBOL technologies.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore How to Generate a Data File Convert Program using simple specification statements in a Process Control File (PCF). This link to the User Guide includes the information necessary to create a Process Control File and generate the COBOL programs that will do the actual data file conversion. The User Guide contains a list of the PCF statements that are used for the data file convert process.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore How to Generate a Data File Compare, Validate or Hex-Dump Program using simple specification statements in a Process Control File (PCF). This link to the User Guide includes the information necessary to create a Process Control File and generate the COBOL programs that will do a data file compare, accumulate summary totals with a record count or produce a Hex-Dump of records in a VSAM, KSDS based on a list of user-defined keys. The User Guide contains a list of the PCF statements that are used for the data file compare, validate or dump process.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore a typical data file conversion process that may be required when working in a multi-system environment. This suite of documents describes a model for managing non-relational data structures (Sequential Files and VSAM Data Sets) that contain ASCII or EBCDIC text strings and various numeric formats such as BINARY, PACKED-Decimal and ZONED-Decimal. This model has the capability of creating a test file for an ASCII or EBCDIC encoded environment. This suite of documents will address many of the challenges of doing a record content conversion of a file that will be transferred between an EBCDIC-encoded Mainframe System and an ASCII-encoded Linux, UNIX or Windows System.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore The ASCII and EBCDIC Translation Tables. These tables are provided for individuals that need to better understand the bit structures and differences of the encoding formats.

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore The File Status Return Codes that are used to interpret the results of accessing VSAM data sets and/or QSAM files.

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Internet Access Required

The following links will require an internet connect.

A good place to start is The SimoTime Home Page for access to white papers, program examples and product information. This link requires an Internet Connection

Explore The Micro Focus Web Site for more information about products (including Micro Focus COBOL) and services available from Micro Focus. This link requires an Internet Connection.

Explore the GnuCOBOL Technologies available from SourceForge. SourceForge is an Open Source community resource dedicated to helping open source projects be as successful as possible. GnuCOBOL (formerly OpenCOBOL) is a COBOL compiler with run time support. The compiler (cobc) translates COBOL source to executable using intermediate C, designated C compiler and linker. This link will require an Internet Connection.

Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section Glossary of Terms

Link to Internet   Link to Server   Explore the Glossary of Terms for a list of terms and definitions used in this suite of documents and white papers.

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